INTRODUCTION | 3 |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 4 |
MAIN REPORT | 12 |
1. Applicability of the New Technology | 13 |
1.1 How RFID Works | 13 |
1.2 Grocery Use of RFID in Practice | 15 |
1.3 Closed Loops and the Need for Standards | 17 |
1.4 Developments in 2003 | 18 |
2. The Retailer Challenge | 22 |
2.1 The Wal-Mart Initiative and its Effects | 22 |
2.2 Tesco Follows Suit | 24 |
2.3 Metro: From Future Store Trials to Supply Chain Rollout | 24 |
2.4 Numerous Trials in Preparation for Rollout | 25 |
2.5 What Will be Tagged, and How? | 27 |
2.6 EPCglobal and the Development of Standards | 29 |
3. The Manufacturer’s Perspective | 32 |
3.1 Costs v Payback: How Soon Will Costs Come Down? | 32 |
3.2 Technical Challenges | 35 |
3.3 Tag Availability | 37 |
3.4 Production Issues | 37 |
3.5 Industry-Wide Supplier/Retailer Collaboration | 39 |
3.6 RFID and the Consumer | 42 |
3.7 Lack of Technological Knowledge | 45 |
3.8 Not Whether but When | 47 |
4. 2005 – RFID For Real | 49 |
4.1 Who Will Implement RFID? | 49 |
4.2 Practical Issues: How Will it Work? | 50 |
4.3 Pallets, Cases … and What Else? | 52 |
4.4 Advice to Suppliers | 53 |
5. 2006 Onwards – RFID in the Supply Chain … and More | 57 |
5.1 Achieving Total Supply Chain Visibility | 57 |
5.2 Cracking the on-Shelf Availability Dilemma | 59 |
5.3 Security, Shrinkage, and Counterfeiting | 60 |
5.4 Service and Marketing Applications | 62 |
5.5 Other Uses | 64 |
6. The Major UK Retailers | 65 |
6.1 Tesco: an Ambitious Programme | 65 |
6.2 Asda: Driven by Wal-Mart | 68 |
6.3 Sainsbury: Watching and Waiting | 69 |
6.4 Safeway/Morrisons: Other Priorities | 70 |
6.5 Somerfield: Watching and Waiting | 71 |
6.6 Marks & Spencer: Leading the Way | 71 |
6.7 Woolworths: an Established User | 73 |
7. The Global Context | 75 |
7.1 Europe | 75 |
7.1.1 Metro AG: Plans for the Whole Supply Chain | 75 |
7.1.2 Ahold: RFID in Their Own Supply Chain | 79 |
7.1.3 Carrefour: Upgrading Systems | 80 |
7.2 The Rest of the World | 81 |
7.2.1 The USA – Wal-Mart and the Pentagon | 81 |
7.2.2 Asia, South Africa, and Others | 82 |
8. Looking towards 2010 … and Beyond | 86 |
8.1 Item level Tagging and the "Internet of Things" | 86 |
8.2 Smart Shelves, Automatic Check-Outs, and Intelligent Fridges | 87 |
9. Conclusions and Recommendations | 89 |
10. A Timescale for RFID Rollout | 91 |
Published: March 2004
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